Publications
Economic feasibility and zero emission buildings – a state-of-the-art report
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2014
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2014
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Zero emission building and conversion factors between electricity consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases in a long term perspective
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2014
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2014
Abstract The CO2 emissions from a building’s power system will change over the life time of the building, and this need to be taken into account to verify whether a building is Zero Emission (ZEB) or not. This paper describes how conversion factors between electricity demand and emissions can be calculated for the European power system in a long term perspective through the application of a large scale electricity market model (EMPS). Examples of two types of factors are given: a conversion factor for average emissions per kWh for the whole European power system as well as a marginal factor for…
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Ventilative cooling for schools and kindergartens
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2014
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2014
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Passiv versus aktiv – samproduksjoner og innramminger av fremtidens bygg
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2014
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2014
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Analysis of change in design procedures for heat pump systems in nZEB
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2014
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2014
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Sentrale styringssystemer i husholdninger - Produsenten og sluttbrukers syn på hva styringssystmer gjør, bør gjøre og vil gjøre i fremtiden
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2014
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2014
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Reports
Passiv versus aktiv – samproduksjoner og innramminger av fremtidens bygg
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2014
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2014
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Optimization of solar energy potential for buildings in urban areas – a Norwegian case study
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2014
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2014
Abstract The paper presents a case study of an office building with a façade integrated PV system in Norway. Due to the urban surrounding the PV system is subject to significant overshadowing. The aim is to optimize the solar energy potential of the building in order to propose improved alternatives to the current system applying a multi-level simulation approach. The first level is performed to calculate the maximum solar potential on the building envelope in an unobstructed scenario. The second level examines the shading effect on the building in its urban context. The analyses allow localizing the areas of the…
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Journal papers
The impact of an ideal dynamic building envelope on the energy performance of low energy office buildings
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2014
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2014
Abstract This paper shows the results of a research activity aimed at assessing the advantages of an ideal adaptive building skin over conventional building envelope systems. The basic idea underlying the research consists in imagining an ideal building envelope system characterised by the capability of continuously changing (within a certain range) some of its thermo-physical and optical properties. The reason for the continuous tuning of thermo-physical and optical properties lies in the assumption that an optimised (fixed) configuration, where the properties do not change over time, is not able to minimise the total energy demand of the building at each…
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Review of heat/energy recovery exchangers for use in ZEBs in cold climate countries
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2014
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2014
Abstract Realisation of Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) for residential use cannot succeed without: minimising leakages, increasing thermal insulation and using reliable and energy efficient system solutions. However, very airtight houses may have a negative impact on thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Focussing on ventilation systems then becomes a requirement. In cold climates, temperature differences between indoor and outdoor air often exceed 40 °C during winter. State-of-the-art heat recovery systems may not be able to handle these differences while providing proper air quality and preventing excessively dry indoor air. The present study of energy recovery systems focuses on apartment buildings located…
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Case study on residential building renovation and its impact on the energy use and thermal comfort
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2014
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2014
Abstract In Norway, a large portion of the building stock originates from the period from 1955 to 1990. Many of these buildings fail to comply with the current building regulations regarding the energy consumption. In this study, the possibility for upgrading a hypothetical apartment building with an oil-based heating system has been investigated employing simulations from the IDA Indoor Climate and Energy software. For the construction of the original building, customs and regulations from the period 1981-90 were employed, and the building envelope was upgraded to the requirements of the Norwegian research centre on Zero Emission Buildings. Two alternative heating…
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The influence of different electricity-to-emissions conversion factors on the choice of insulation materials
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2014
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2014
Abstract The current practice of building energy upgrade typically uses thick layers of insulation in order to comply with the energy codes. Similarly, the Norwegian national energy codes for residential buildings are moving towards very low U-values for the building envelope. New and more advanced materials, such as vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) and aerogel, have been presented as alternative solutions to commonly used insulation materials. Both aerogel and VIPs offer very high thermal resistance, which is a favourable characteristic in energy upgrading as the same insulation level can be achieved with thinner insulation layers. This paper presents the results of energy…
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Energy efficient buildings – status and challenges
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2014
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2014
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Conference presentations
Analysis of load match and grid interaction indicators in net zero energy buildings with simulated and monitored data
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2014
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2014
Abstract The main objective of this paper is to contribute to the discussion on the role of Net Zero Energy Buildings (Net ZEBs) on future energy systems by the interplay between on-site generation and the building loads, often called load matching, and the resulting import/export interaction with the surrounding electricity grid, commonly named grid interaction. This investigation analyzes five case studies with high resolution data, three of which are based on real monitored buildings. The research aims at selecting and suggesting a limited set of quantitative indicators that: (a) can provide practical information for building as well as grid designers…
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Fra passivhus til karbonnøytrale boligområder
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2014
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2014
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Media contributions
Image of the week: ZEB pilot House, Larvik, Norway
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2014
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2014
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Media contributions
Energy performance assessment of an advanced integrated façade through experimental data analysis
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2014
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2014
Abstract This paper deals with the experimental assessment of the energy performance of two Advanced Integrated Façade modules (AIF) characterized by two very similar configurations. The two AIF modules were installed on the south-exposed façade of an outdoor test cell facility (a real-scale mockup of an office building) and continuous measurements were carried out for more than one year. Data collected during the experimental campaign were analyzed to evaluate the energy performance and thermo-physical behaviour of the AIF modules. The performances of the two systems were assessed by comparison and by means of conventional and advanced synthetic metrics. The results…
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Journal papers
Lightweight and thermally insulating aerogel glass materials
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2014
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2014
Abstract Glass represents an important and widely used building material, and crucial aspects to be addressed include thermal conductivity, visible light transmittance, and weight for windows with improved energy efficiency. In this work, by sintering monolithic silica aerogel precursors at elevated temperatures, aerogel glass materials were successfully prepared, which were characterized by low thermal conductivity [k ≈ 0.17–0.18 W/(mK)], high visible transparency (Tvis ≈ 91–96 % at 500 nm), low density (ρ ≈ 1.60–1.79 g/cm3), and enhanced mechanical strength (typical elastic modulus Er ≈ 2.0–6.4 GPa). These improved properties were derived from a series of successive gelation and aging steps during the desiccation of silica aerogels. The involved sol → gel → glass transformation was investigated by means…
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Zero energy buildings and the rebound effect: A solution to the paradox of energy efficiency?
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2014
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2014
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Journal papers
Solar shading control strategies in cold climates – heating, cooling demand and daylight availability in office spaces
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2014
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2014
Abstract Modern office buildings often have large glazed areas. Incident solar radiation can lead to large cooling demands during hot periods although the solar radiation can help reduce heating demands during cool periods.Previous studies have shown that large parts of the net energy demand of an office building is related to window heat loss and cooling demands induced by solar irradiance. In this article, the authors found that, even in what traditionally has been considered to be a heating-dominated climate, cooling demands dominate the net energy demand of an office building. Solar shading systems are vital to reduce the cooling…
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Journal papers
Thermal superinsulation for building applications – From concepts to experimental investigations
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2014
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2014
Abstract The application of traditional thermal insulation materials requires thicker building envelopes in order to satisfy the requirements of the emerging zero energy and zero emission buildings. This work summarizes the steps from the state-of-theart thermal insulation materials and solutions, like vacuum insulation panels (VIP), gas-filled panels (GFP) and aerogels which all have various drawbacks, to our concepts and experimental investigations for making superinsulation materials (SIM) like e.g. nano insulation materials (NIM).
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Journal papers
Simulation and evaluation of CO2 heat pump system with energy storage for ZEB
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2014
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2014
Abstract Reduced energy consumption is one of the most cost effective ways of reducing CO2 emissions for combustion of fossil fuels. Residential buildings must become more energy efficient according to the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD). The demands for domestic hot water have become more significant. Therefore the share of domestic hot water (DHW) in high insulated houses constitutes an increasing share of total heating demand. For DHW and space heating purpose CO2 tripartite gas cooler heat pumps are among the most efficient systems. Due to heat rejection at different temperature levels a large enthalpy difference and low compressor…
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Conference papers
Net-zero buildings: incorporating embodied impacts.
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2014
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2014
Abstract The design and assessment of net-zero buildings commonly focus exclusively on the operational phase, ignoring the embodied environmental impacts over the building life cycle. An analysis is presented on the consequences of integrating embodied impacts into the assessment of the environmental advantageousness of net-zero concepts. Fundamental issues needing consideration in the design process – based on the evaluation of primary energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions – are examined by comparing three net-zero building design and assessment cases: (1) no embodied impacts included, net balance limited to the operation stage only; (2) embodied impacts included but evaluated separately…
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Journal papers
Life cycle assessment integrated in the design of a new nano insulation material
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
Optimal investments in Zero Carbon Buildings
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2014
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2014
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Synthesis, characterization and durability of self-cleaning antireflection coatings for glazing applications
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
Skarpnes boligfelt. Nordens første boligfelt med nullhus
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2014
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2014
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Media contributions
Spesielt, nytt og lærerikt
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2014
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2014
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Synthesis and Thermal Conductivity of Monodisperse Hollow Silica Nanospheres
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
State of the art and the path to the building integrated photovoltaics of tomorrow
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
Large scale measurements and calculations of wall elements with vacuum insulation panels (VIPs)
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
Retrofitting a brick wall using vacuum insulation panels: measured hygrothermal effect on the existing structure
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
Life cycle analysis of two nZEB concepts
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2014
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2014
Abstract The net-zero emissions building (nZEB) performance is investigated for building operation (EO) and embodied emissions in materials (EE) for Norway's cold climate. nZEB concepts for new residential and office buildings are conceived in order to understand the balance and implications between operational and embodied emissions over the building's life. The main drivers for the CO2 equivalent (CO2e) emissions are revealed for both building concepts through a detailed emissions calculation. The influence of the CO2e factor for electricity is emphasized and it is shown to have significant impact on the temporal evolution of the overall CO2e emissions balance. The results…
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Journal papers
Treated aluminum as highly reflective facade material for energy-efficient buildings
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2014
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2014
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Conference papers
Thermal comfort with simplified heat distribution systems in highly insulated buildings
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2014
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2014
Abstract The increasing energy consumption and its consequences have led to a major need for energy saving measures. Therefore, the passive house concept has been introduced. Passive houses have a low heating demand, so that it is theoretically possible to simplify the space heating distribution system by for example reduce the number of radiators. It has therefore been investigated if one central heat source can give sufficient thermal comfort in a whole housing unit. Research shows, with the use of simulations for Belgian climate, that thermal comfort can be obtained in the whole dwelling if the internal doors are open.…
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Optimal operating strategies of the micro-CHP for improved interaction between the electrical and thermal demand and supply
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2014
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2014
Abstract The research center of Zero Emissions Buildings (ZEB) has a goal of eliminating the greenhouse gas emissions associated with all phases of building development and use. This is achieved through more sustainable building construction and more efficient energy use. The Norwegian government has a similar goal of achieving zero energy buildings as a standard by 2020. This has led to proper investigation in technological solutions that can help to achieve these goals. In a net-ZEB perspective, combined heat and power (CHP) is considered as a potential energy supply solution for buildings. CHP is seen as an emerging technology which…
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Analysis and design of solar based systems for heating and cooling of buildings
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2014
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2014
Abstract Thermal performance of the solar thermal systems are estimated using numerical methods and software since the solar processes are transitient in nature been driven by time dependent forcing functions and loads. The system components are defined with mathematical relationships that describe how components function. They are based on first principles (energy balances, mass balances, rate equations and equilibrium relationships) at one extreme or empirical curve fits to operating data from specific machines such as absorption chillers. The component models are programed i.e. they represent written subroutines which are simultaneously solved with the executive program. In this thesis for executive…
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Analysis and design of systems for thermal-energy storage at moderate temperatures based on Phase Change Materials (PCM)
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2014
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2014
Abstract Because human population is growing at such a high rate, as well as the energy consumption per person, new ways of preserving and efficiently using available energy must be explored. Until new and abundant energy sources are found and means of their exploitation developed, research attention should be focused on finding ways of proper and safe use of what is nowadays available. In that sense, storage of thermal energy plays an important role both in heating and/or cooling applications, such as in residential or commercial buildings, and in industrial processes. Some of the technical solutions are based on phase…
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Fra passivhus til karbonnøytrale boligområder
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2014
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2014
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Høyere miljøambisjoner med ekstern kontroll
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2014
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2014
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Cost Optimality of Energy Systems in Zero Emission Buildings in Early Design Phase
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2014
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2014
Abstract During the uncontrolled consumption period the building sector has come to account one of the greatest proportions of greenhouse gas emissions and energy use in industrial countries. In this context, European countries have decided to address the environmental challenge by promoting the use of renewable energies and the implementation of low energy consumption requirements. For these reasons, zero emission buildings, which have a net zero annual energy demand, were regarded as a possible solution. And everything points to believe that they will continue to be crucial in a recent future. Consultants and contractors have shown the need towards a…
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Mot karbonnøytrale boligområder. Utforming av bygninger og energiforsyning – erfaringer fra pilotprosjekter i Norge
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2014
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2014
Sammendrag Denne rapporten beskriver resultatene fra et prosjekt hvor vi har gjennomgått og diskutert erfaringer fra et utvalg utbyggingsprosjekter i Norge hvor man har hatt spesielt høye ambisjoner med hensyn tilenergibruk og klimagassutslipp. Prosjektets målsetning er å bidra til økt kunnskap om gode løsninger for utforming av bygninger og energiforsyning for fremtidens boligområder, samt danne underlag for enveileder til bruk i planleggingsprosessen. Hovedkonklusjonen er at det er behov for mer kunnskap og veiledningsmateriale om hvordan man kan integrere dette tidlig i planprosessen. Følgende punkter erspesielt viktige: Fokus på integrert, tverrfaglig prosjektering fra tidligfase. Formulering av konkrete krav/målsetninger i tidligfase. Undersøkelse av tilgjengelighet og…
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Her skal folk bo som forsøkskaniner
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2014
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2014
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Droppet solfangere i siste liten
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2014
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2014
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The Norwegian zero emission neighbourhood Aadland
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2014
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2014
Abstract The ambition level for the zero emission neighbourhood Aadland is that the area will be self supplied with both thermal and electric energy. This paper presents how emissions from operation of the 500 dwellings are offset by on-site renewable energy production. The paper also describes a procedure for how to deal with embodied emissions from materials in an early stage design phase. The study verifies that it is possible to reach a zero emission balance for the neighbourhood. Zero emission from operation is achievable as an average for the neighbourhood. For individual zero emission buildings this also includes embodied emissions from materials and construction in…
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Silica aerogels – a multifunctional building materials
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2014
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2014
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Norske boliger råtner på rot
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2013
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2013
Vi bruker milliarder på estetiske oppgraderinger og praktiske løsninger, men mangler kunksap o lønnsom bruk av oppussingskronene. Artikkelen er skrevet av Marit Tronier Halvorsen, Oslo
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Nytt og lavere powerhouse på Brattøra
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2013
Publication Year:
2013
Statlige Entra fremmer et nytt powerhouse-prosjekt på Brattøra. Noe mindre enn det forrige, men likevel tolv meter høyere enn tillatt i reguleringsbestemmelsene. Artikkelen er skrevet av Hermann Hansen
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Hvordan legger myndighetene til rette for en innovativ og bærekraftig arkitektur? Erfaringer fra arbeidet med Powerhouse-prosjektene
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2013
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2013
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Hvordan realisere regjeringens ambisjoner?
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2013
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2013
Er "intellegente byer" veien å gå? Siden nesten 2/3 av vårt energiforbruk er tilknyttet urbane miljø, vil såkalte "Smart Cities" eller intellegente byer spille en betydelig rolle vedrørende energiffektivitet.
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